# Information Security and Cryptography Research Group

## Indifferentiability, Impossibility Results on Reductions, and Applications to the Random Oracle Methodology

### Ueli Maurer, Renato Renner, and Clemens Holenstein

Theory of Cryptography Conference — TCC 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, vol. 2951, pp. 21–39, Feb 2004.

The goals of this paper are two-fold. First we introduce and motivate a generalization of the fundamental concept of the indistinguishability of two systems, called indifferentiability. This immediately leads to a generalization of the related notion of reducibility of one system to another. In contrast to the conventional notion of indistinguishability, indifferentiability is applicable in settings where a possible adversary is assumed to have access to additional information about the internal state of the involved systems, for instance the public parameter selecting a member from a family of hash functions. Second, we state an easily verifiable criterion for a system $U$ not to be reducible (according to our generalized definition) to another system $V$ and, as an application, prove that a random oracle is not reducible to a weaker primitive, called asynchronous beacon, and also that an asynchronous beacon is not reducible to a finite-length random string. Each of these irreducibility results alone implies the main theorem of Canetti, Goldreich, and Halevi stating that there exist cryptosystems that are secure in the random oracle model but for which replacing the random oracle by any implementation leads to an insecure cryptosystem.

## BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{MaReHo04,
author       = {Ueli Maurer and Renato Renner and Clemens Holenstein},
title        = {Indifferentiability, Impossibility Results on Reductions, and Applications to the Random Oracle Methodology},
editor       = {Moni Naor},
booktitle    = {Theory of Cryptography Conference --- TCC 2004},
pages        = 21--39,
series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume       = 2951,
year         = 2004,
month        = 2,
publisher    = {Springer-Verlag},
}